Tooth Decay

The treatment of tooth decay depends on how far it has progressed. In early stages, fluoride treatments and remineralizing toothpaste may be sufficient, while more advanced decay may require a filling or root canal treatment; in severely progressed cases, extraction may become unavoidable.

For small to moderate cavities, the decayed tissue is cleaned out and the resulting cavity is filled with special materials. When decay reaches the nerve of the tooth, the nerve tissue is removed and the inside of the tooth is filled with a special material — this treatment is known as root canal therapy. Once the progression of decay has been stopped, fluoride agents may be used to strengthen the tooth's structure.

Untreated cavities can lead to serious problems: infection and abscess formation at the tooth root, spread of decay to neighboring teeth and gums, structural damage that makes the tooth harder to restore, and in advanced cases, severe pain.

Tooth decay largely results from bacterial plaque buildup and inadequate oral hygiene. Plaque bacteria interact with sugary and starchy foods to produce acid, which gradually erodes tooth enamel. Neglecting regular, proper brushing and flossing, a diet high in sugar and acid, insufficient saliva production, and genetic predisposition are additional factors that increase the risk of decay.

Cavities are classified by how deep they extend: enamel decay in the outermost layer is usually an early stage, decay in the dentin layer beneath the enamel progresses if untreated, and decay reaching the pulp at the center of the tooth can cause pain and serious complications. Diagnosis is made through visual examination, X-rays, and, when needed, laser fluorescence devices.

Prevention involves brushing at least twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, avoiding sugary and acidic foods, and visiting the dentist at least twice a year. Cavities detected at an early stage can be halted with regular checkups and good oral hygiene; however, decay does not resolve on its own and continues to progress if left untreated.

Early childhood tooth decay is often caused by poor oral hygiene, consumption of sugary foods, lack of fluoride, and a family history of decay — making early attention to children's oral care especially important.